Rabu, 03 Juli 2019

Computer Science



A.   Computer Science
Computer science, in general, is interpreted as a study of both computing, hardware and software. Computer science covers a variety of topics related to computers, ranging from abstract analysis of algorithms to more concrete subjects such as programming languages, software, including hardware. As a scientific discipline, Computer Science places more emphasis on computer programming, and software engineering (software), while computer engineering is more likely to be related to things like computer hardware (hardware). However, both terms are often misunderstood by many people.
Church-Turing's thesis states that all computing devices that are commonly known are actually the same in terms of what they can do, even with different efficiency. This thesis is sometimes considered the basic principle of computer science. Computer scientists usually emphasize von Neumann computers or Turing machines (computers that do small, deterministic tasks at a given time), because that's how most computers are used today. Computer science experts also study other types of machines, some of which cannot be used practically (such as neural computers, DNA computers, and quantum computers) and some of them are still quite theoretical (such as random computers and oracle computers).
Computer Science learns what some programs can do, and what doesn't (computability and artificial intelligence), how the program must evaluate an outcome (algorithm), how programs must store and retrieve certain bits of information (data structures), and how programs and users communicate (user interface and programming language).
Computer science is rooted in electronics, mathematics and linguistics. In the last three decades of the 20th century, computer science has become a new scientific discipline and has developed its own methods and terms.
The first computer science department was established at Purdue University in 1962. Almost all universities now have computer science departments.
The highest award in computer science is the Turing Award, the winners of this award are all pioneers in their fields. Edsger Dijkstra said: “Computer science is not about computers as astronomy is not about telescopes”
Renowned physicist Richard Feynman said: “Computer science is not as old as physics; a few hundred years younger. However, this does not mean that "dishes" of computer scientists are far less than physicists. Actually it's younger, but grow up intesively!”

B.   Computer structure
The structure of a computer system can be divided into:
1.      Computer Operating System.
2.      I / O structure.
3.      Storage Structure.
4.      Storage Hierarchy.
5.      Hardware Protection

C.  Benefits of computers
1.      Field of education
2.      Industrial and manufacturing fields
3.      Field of Engineering and Science
4.      Field of aviation
5.      Field of medicine
6.      Field of crime
7.      Field of Intertaintment and games
8.      Global network communication field (internet)
9.      Field of government

QUESTION :
1.      WHAT IS COMPUTER SCIENCE ?
2.      WHAT ARE THE COMPUTER STRUCTURES?
3.      WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF COMPUTERS?
ANSWER :
1.      Computer science is interpreted as a study of both computing, hardware and software. Computer science covers a variety of topics related to computers, ranging from abstract analysis of algorithms to more concrete subjects such as programming languages, software, including hardware.
2.      Computer Operating System.
I / O structure.
Storage Structure.
Storage Hierarchy.
Hardware Protection
3.      Field of education
Industrial and manufacturing fields
Field of Engineering and Science
Field of aviation
Field of medicine
Field of crime
Field of Intertaintment and games
Global network communication field (internet)
Field of government



Rabu, 01 Mei 2019

SOAL TOEFL DAN PEMBAHASAN


SOAL
  1. _____ the demands of aerospace, medicine, and agriculture, aengineers, are creating exotic new metallic substances.
    (A) Meet
    (B) Being met are
 (C) To meet
    (D) They are meeting

  1. _______ James A. Bland, “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” was adopted is the state song of Virginia in 1940.
    (A) Was written b
    (B) His writing was
    (C) He wrote the
    (D) Written by
  1. Mary Garden, ______ the early 1900’s was considered one of the best singing actresses of her time.
    (A) a soprano was popular
    (B) in a popular soprano
    (C) was a popular soprano
    (D) a popular soprano in
  1. In the realm of psychological theory Margaret F. Washburn was a dualist _____ that motor phenomena have an essential role in psychology.
    (A) who she believed
    (B) who believed
    (C) believed
    (D) who did she believe
  1. _________ was backed up for miles on the freeway.
    (A)      Yesterday
    (B)      In the morning
    (C)      Traffic
    (D)      Cars
  1. Engineers________ for work on the new space program.
    (A)     necessary
    (B)     are needed
    (C)     hopefully
    (D)     next month
  1. Fitzgerald_______ the society of the 1920's in his novel, The Great Gatsby.
    (A)     reflect
    (B)     reflects
    (C)     are reflecting
    (D)     have reflected
  1. On Ellesmere Island in the Arctic one fossil forest consist of a nearly hundred
                                                                                                 A                 B
   large stumps scattered on an exposed coal bed.
                                      C                       D
  1. The surface conditions on the planet Mars are the more like the Earth’s than are
                                       A                                                    B                                C
     those of any other planet in the solar system.
                                  D

  1. The midnight sun is a phenomenon in which the Sun visible remains in the sky
                                         A                                                              B                   C
      for twenty-four hours or longer.
                                                  D 
  1.  The Humber River and its valley form a major salmon-fishing, lumbering, hunting,
                                                    A              B         C
       and farmer region in western Newfoundland, Canada.
                        D

QUESTION 12-17

A distinctively American architecture began with Frank Lloyd Wright, who had taken to heart the admonition that form should follow function and who thought of buildings not as separate architectural entities but as parts of an organic whole that included the land, the community, and the society. In a very real way the houses of colonial New England and some of the southern plantations had been functional, but Wright was the first architect to make functionalism the authoritative principle for public as well as for domestic buildings. As early as 1906 he built the Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, the first of those churches that did so much to revolutionize ecclesiastical architecture in the United States. Thereafter he turned his genius to such miscellaneous structures as houses, schools, office buildings, and factories, among them the famous Larkin Building in Buffalo, New York, and the Johnson Wax Company building in Racine, Wisconsin.

12.  The phrase “taken to heart” in line 1 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
(A) Taken seriously
(B) Criticized
(C) Memorized
(D) Taken offence
13.  In what way did Wright’s public buildings differ from most of those built by earlier architects?
(A) They were built on a larger scale.
(B) Their materials came from the southern United States.
(C) They looked more like private homes.
(D) Their designs were based on how they would be used.
14.  The author mentions the Unity Temple because, it
(A) was Wright’s first building
(B) influenced the architecture of subsequent churches
(C) demonstrated traditional ecclesiastical architecture
(D) was the largest church Wright ever designed
15.  The passage mentions that all of the following structures were built by Wright EXCEPT
(A) factories
(B) public buildings
(C) offices
(D) southern plantations
16.  Which of the following statements best reflects one of Frank Lloyd Wright’s architectural principles?
(A) Beautiful design is more important than utility.
(B) Ecclesiastical architecture should be derived from traditional designs.
(C) A building should fit into its surroundings.
(D) The architecture of public buildings does not need to be revolutionary
17.  A power failure occured, _______ the lamps went out. (Terjadi gangguan tenaga (listrik), maka lampu mati.)
(A) then
(B) so
(C) later
(D) next
  1.  _______ was late, I missed the appointment)
(A) I
(B) Because
(C) The train
(D) Since he
  1. The child_________ playing in the yard is my son.
(A)  now
(B)    is
(C)   He
(D)  was
  1. With his friend________ found the movie theater
(A)  Has
(B)   He
(C)   Later
(D)  when










JAWABAN DAN PEMBAHASAN

1. Jawab            : (C) To meet
    Pembahasan : Pola infinitive phrase: to infinitive + object of to infinitiveKalimat tersebut menyatakan tujuan atau maksud. Maka dibutuhkan to infinitive phrase.  Sehingga pilihan phrase yang tepat untuk mengisi rumpang tersebut adalah to meet.

2. Jawab              : (D) Written by
Pembahasan  : Kalimat di atas membutuhkan Adjective Phrase untuk menerangkan kata benda “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny”. Frasa ajektif yang paling tepat adalah Written by. Mengapa disebut frasa ajektif, karea past participle (v3) yang tidak ditemani bentuk be atau have adalah sebuah ajektif.
3. Jawab            : (D) a popular soprano in
Pembahasan : Kalimat pada soal membutuhkan Appositive Phrase. Mary Garden dan appositive phrase (a popular soprano)  memiliki makna yang sama. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah a popular soprano in.
4. Jawab            : (B) Who believed
    Pembahasan : Pola adjective clause : (Conj. + S + V).
    Untuk menerangkan kata benda a dualist maka klausa yang tepat adalah who believed.
5. Jawaban (C) adalah jawaban yang tepat karena mengandung subjek tunggal "traffic" dan sesuai dengan kata kerja tunggal "was". Jawaban (A), "yesterday", dan jawaban (B),  "in the morning", bukanlah subjek, karenanya keduanya tidak benar. Meskipun jawaban (D), "cars", bisa jadi subjek,  itu pun tidak benar. Karena "cars"  berbentuk jamak, sehingga tidak sesuai dengan kata kerja tunggal "was".
6. Dalam contoh ini, bahwa kalimat di atas, Engineers sebagai subject, namun tidak ditemukan kata kerja (verb). Karenanya, jawaban (B) merupakan jawaban paling tepat. Karena "are needed"  adalah kata kerja.  Sedangkan, jawaban (A), (C), dan (D) bukanlah verb, sehingga bukanlah jawaban yang benar.
7. Fitzgerald merupakan subjek orang ketiga tunggal. Maka, kata kerja yang mengikutinya juga harus dalam bentuk tunggal. Karenanya, jawaban yang tepat ialah (B).
8. Jawab: (B) a nearly
Pembahasan : a nearly -> nearly
Kata “a nearly” tidak memerlukan indefinite article/determiner “a”, karena kata benda stumps adalah plural.
9 Jawab: (B) The more
Pembahasan : the more -> more Pola comparative: more ___ than ___
Maka seharusnya tidak perlu definite article the” tapi cukup “more” saja.
10. Jawab: (B) visible remains
Pembahasan : visible remains -> remains visible
Kata the sun dalam anak kalimat di atas memerlukan predicate bukan noun phrase (visible remains). Yang tepat seharusnya remains visible.
11. Jawab: (D) farmer
Pembahasan :farmer -> farming Konjungsi and digunakan untuk menghubungkan kelas kata yang sederajat. Karena sebelum “and” bentuk  adalah gerund maka kata farmer seharusnya diubah dalam bentuk gerund juga yaitu farming.
12. Jawab : A → Taken seriously
Pembahasan : Frasa taken to heart adalah bentuk ungkapan idiomatik dan memiliki arti “melakukan dengan sepenuh hati/serius”.
13. Jawab : D → Their designs were based on how they would be used.
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat “…that form should follow function…” menunjukkan bahwa desain seharusnya berdasarkan pada fungsinya, untuk apa nantinya bangunan itu digunakan dan jawaban yang demikian ditemukan di pilihan D.
14. Jawab : B → influenced the architecture of subsequent churches
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat “…the first of those churches that did so much to revolutionize ecclesiastical architecture in the United States” menyatakan bahwa bangunan itu sangat mempengaruhi desain bangunan-bangunan selanjutnya. Jawaban yang mengandung ide serupa ada pada pilihan B.
15. Jawab : D → southern plantations
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat terakhir jelas bahwa offices, factories dan public building, termasuk churches adalah karyanya. Sedangkan South Plantations bukanlah hasil karyanya karena sudah didesain oleh orang terdahulu seperti yang disebutkan dalam bacaan.
16. Jawab : C → A building should fit into its surroundings.
Pembahasan : Kalimat “…as parts of an organic whole that included the land, the community, and the society” menyatakan bahwa bangunan seharusnya dianggap sebagai bagian dari keseluruhan lingkungan dan masyarakat sekitarnya sehingga dengan kata lain bangunan tersebut harus sesuai dengan lingkungannya.
17. Dari kalimat di atas dapat kita ketahui bahwa kalimat tersebut mempunyai dua klausa "a power failure occured" dan "the lamps went out". Jadi kalimat tersebut butuh sebuah coordinate connector untuk menghubungkan ke dua klausa tersebut. Dari pilihan jawaban yang ada hanya 1 bentuk connector yaitu so. Jadi jawaban paling tepat adalah (B), so.
18. Jawaban paling memungkinkan yaitu (D) Since he (sejak dia). He sebagai subjek dari verb was: he was late dan since sebagai connector yang menghubungkan dua klausa he was late dan I miss the appointment.
19. Dalam contoh ini, jika Anda melihat selintas dari awal kalimat, tampak bahwa child adalah subjek dan playing merupakan kata kerja. Jika Anda berpikir bahwa playing merupakan bagian dari kata kerja, Anda kemungkinan memilih jawaban (B), is, atau jawaban (D), was, untuk menyempurnakan kata kerja. Padahal, kedua jawaban tersebut tidak benar, karena playing bukan bagian dari kata kerja. Anda harus menyadari bahwa playing adalah participle adjective, karena ada verb lain dalam kalimat ini, yaitu is. Maka, dalam kalimat ini, sudah ada subjek (child) dan kata kerja (is), jadi kalimat ini tidak membutuhkan subjek atau kata kerja lainnya. Karenanya, jawaban yang tepat ialah (A).
20. Dalam contoh ini, yang pertama kali harus Anda lihat adalah subject dan kata kerja (verb). Tampak bahwa found  sebagai kata kerja, tapi tidak ditemukan adanya subjek. Jangan berpikir bahwa friend adalah subjek, namun friend adalah objek dari preposisi with. Sebab, satu kata benda tidak bisa menjadi subjek dan obyek sekaligus secara bersamaan. Karena yang dibutuhkan dalam pertanyaan di atas adalah mencari subjek, maka jawaban (B), he, adalah jawaban terbaik. Sedangkan (A), (C), dan (D) bukan jawaban yang benar, karena ketiganya tidak bisa menjadi subjek.


Kamis, 28 Maret 2019

personal letter

Dear Mr. Badaru,

First, I would to thank you for giving me an opportunity to introduce myself. My name is ayu nurhayati, and people usually call me ayu. I was born in Bekasi . I live at Al-Huda Street number 125, with my parents and 2 siblings. My father works as an entrepreneur and my mother is a housewife . My hobbies are dancing, watching movies and travelling.

My favorite food is friedrice, fried chicken and noodles. I have a dream to be a dancer and entrepreneur. I really like Korean things from music, artist and food. I have tasted Korean food like Tteoboki, kimbab, and kimchi.

Now I’m studying at Gunadarma University. In a few months I will graduate. I’m trying my best to prepare for my career after graduating from here.

Well, that’s a simple introduction I can do. Thank you.

                                                                                                                        Yours truly,
            Ayu Nurhayati